Basic cosmetic chemistry including pH, common active ingredients, and product formulation concepts for estheticians.
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- What is the pH scale range?
- 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral
- What does a pH below 7 indicate?
- The substance is acidic
- What does a pH above 7 indicate?
- The substance is alkaline or basic
- What is the normal pH of healthy skin?
- 4.5 to 5.5, slightly acidic
- What does using products above pH 7 do to the skin barrier?
- Disrupts it, causing irritation and sensitivity
- Define a surfactant
- A molecule that reduces surface tension and allows oil and water to mix
- What is an emulsifier?
- An ingredient that stabilizes mixtures of oil and water together
- What is the purpose of preservatives in cosmetics?
- Prevent the growth of bacteria, mold, and yeast
- Define a humectant
- An ingredient that draws water into the skin from the air and deeper layers
- What do emollients do?
- Soften and smooth the skin by filling in gaps between skin cells
- Define an occlusive ingredient
- A substance that forms a protective barrier on the skin to prevent water loss
- What are antioxidants used for in skincare?
- Neutralize free radicals that damage skin cells and cause premature aging
- What do alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs) do?
- Exfoliate the outer layer of skin by loosening bonds between dead skin cells
- What do beta hydroxy acids (BHAs) do?
- Exfoliate and penetrate pores to remove oil and dead skin from inside pores
- Name one common AHA used in esthetics
- Glycolic acid, lactic acid, or malic acid