Major real climate policy frameworks and agreements and the emissions targets or mechanisms each establishes.
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- What is the primary temperature target of the Paris Agreement?
- Limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius, with efforts to limit it to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.
- What are Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) in the Paris Agreement?
- Each country's own emission reduction targets and climate action plans, updated every five years.
- What was the first major international treaty to require legally binding emission reductions?
- The Kyoto Protocol, which entered into force in 2005.
- What was the Kyoto Protocol's primary emission reduction target for developed nations?
- An average 5 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels during the 2008-2012 commitment period.
- What does the Montreal Protocol regulate?
- Ozone-depleting substances such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), to protect the stratospheric ozone layer.
- What is the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS)?
- A cap-and-trade system that sets a limit on overall EU greenhouse gas emissions and allows companies to buy and sell emission allowances.
- How does a carbon tax reduce emissions?
- By placing a direct price on each unit of carbon dioxide or equivalent greenhouse gas emitted, making emissions costly and incentivizing reductions.
- What is the core mechanism of a cap-and-trade system?
- A government sets a maximum emission cap, allocates allowances to emitters, and allows those emitters to trade allowances, creating a market price for emissions.
- What agreement replaced the Kyoto Protocol's first commitment period?
- The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015 at COP21, with a more flexible framework based on national contributions.
- What is Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR)?
- A principle that developed nations bear greater responsibility for climate action due to their historical emissions, while developing nations get flexibility.
- What does Article 6 of the Paris Agreement establish?
- A framework for international carbon markets that allow countries to trade emission reduction credits across borders.
- What is the Loss and Damage mechanism in the UNFCCC?
- A framework to address financial support for vulnerable countries harmed by climate impacts beyond adaptation, established at COP19 in Warsaw.
- What was agreed at COP26 (Glasgow, 2021) regarding coal?
- Countries committed to phase down, not out, of coal power and accelerate climate action to align with the 1.5 degree goal.
- What did COP27 establish to help developing nations cope with climate impacts?
- A dedicated Loss and Damage Fund to provide financial assistance to vulnerable countries experiencing severe climate damage.
- What is the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)?
- A policy that applies a carbon price to imports of carbon-intensive goods to prevent carbon leakage to countries with weaker climate policies.
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