Dyslipidemia classification, statin and non-statin lipid therapy, metabolic syndrome criteria, BMI classes, and obesity pharmacotherapy including GLP-1 agonists.
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- What is the optimal LDL cholesterol level for most adults?
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Less than 100 mg/dL- An LDL cholesterol of 190 mg/dL or higher, especially appearing in childhood, suggests which genetic condition?
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Familial hypercholesterolemia- What is the desirable total cholesterol level?
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Less than 200 mg/dL- An HDL cholesterol of 60 mg/dL or higher is considered what?
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Protective against cardiovascular disease (a negative risk factor)- A triglyceride level of 500 mg/dL or higher places a patient at significant risk for which acute condition?
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Acute pancreatitis- What is the mechanism of action of statins?
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They inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, blocking cholesterol synthesis in the liver- What is the major muscle-related adverse effect of statin therapy?
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Myopathy, which can progress to rhabdomyolysis- Give an example of a high-intensity statin regimen.
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Atorvastatin 40 to 80 mg, or rosuvastatin 20 to 40 mg- Why are statins contraindicated in pregnancy?
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Cholesterol is needed for fetal development, and statins may cause fetal harm- Besides lowering LDL, what pleiotropic effects do statins have on arterial plaque?
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They stabilize plaque and reduce vascular inflammation- What is the mechanism of action of ezetimibe?
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It inhibits the NPC1L1 transporter, blocking intestinal cholesterol absorption- What is the mechanism of action of PCSK9 inhibitors?
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They block PCSK9, preventing degradation of LDL receptors so more receptors clear LDL from blood- Name two PCSK9 inhibitor drugs.
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Alirocumab and evolocumab- What is the mechanism of action of bile acid sequestrants (e.g., cholestyramine)?
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They bind bile acids in the intestine, increasing hepatic LDL receptor expression to make more bile acids from cholesterol- What class of drug are fibrates, and what lipid do they primarily lower?
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PPAR-alpha agonists; they primarily lower triglycerides
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