Key events and figures in US history from Reconstruction to the present, tested on the CLEP US History II exam. Front: the term, event, or figure. Back: a one to two sentence explanation of its significance.
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- Reconstruction
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The period following the Civil War (1865-1877) in which the federal government worked to rebuild the South and reintegrate former Confederate states into the Union.- Radical Republicans
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A faction within the Republican Party during Reconstruction that sought harsh punishment for the South and greater rights for freed slaves through Congressional Reconstruction.- Compromise of 1877
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An agreement that ended Reconstruction by giving the presidency to Republican Rutherford B. Hayes in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops from the South.- Jim Crow Laws
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State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the South after Reconstruction, permitting 'separate but equal' facilities for Black and white people.- Sharecropping
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An agricultural system in the post-Civil War South where poor farmers, including freed slaves, worked land owned by others and shared the crop as payment.- Gilded Age
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The period of rapid industrialization and economic growth from the 1870s to 1900, marked by great wealth alongside poverty, corruption, and social problems.- Robber Barons
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Wealthy industrialists and businessmen of the Gilded Age, such as Rockefeller and Carnegie, who used ruthless methods to build massive business empires.- Sherman Antitrust Act
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Passed in 1890, this federal law prohibited monopolies and business practices that unreasonably restricted competition and trade.- Trust
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A large business organization formed by combining multiple companies under one control, often used to eliminate competition and fix prices.- Theodore Roosevelt
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The 26th president (1901-1909) who championed Progressive reforms, conservation, trust-busting, and an active foreign policy.- Square Deal
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Theodore Roosevelt's domestic policy emphasizing fairness for workers, consumers, and businesses through government regulation and labor reforms.- Muckraking
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A form of investigative journalism that exposed corruption, abuse, and injustice in business and government during the Progressive Era.- Conservation Movement
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A Progressive-Era campaign led by Theodore Roosevelt and others to preserve natural resources and protect wilderness areas through national parks and forests.- Woodrow Wilson
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The 28th president (1913-1921) who championed Progressive reforms domestically and idealistic foreign policy, including the League of Nations.- Federal Reserve Act
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Passed in 1913 under Wilson, this law created the Federal Reserve System to regulate the money supply and serve as the nation's central bank.
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