Core general chemistry concepts spanning atomic structure, bonding, and reactions tested on the CLEP Chemistry exam. Front: the term or formula. Back: definition or formula with a brief usage note.
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- Atom
- The smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element.
- Proton
- A positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom.
- Neutron
- An uncharged particle found in the nucleus of an atom, alongside protons.
- Electron
- A negatively charged particle that occupies the space surrounding an atom's nucleus.
- Atomic number
- The number of protons in an atom's nucleus, which identifies the element.
- Mass number
- The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
- Isotope
- An atom of the same element with a different number of neutrons, and therefore a different mass number.
- Valence electron
- An electron in an atom's outermost shell, primarily responsible for chemical bonding.
- Electron configuration
- The specific arrangement of electrons in an atom's energy levels and sublevels.
- Periodic table group
- A vertical column of the periodic table whose elements share similar valence electron counts and properties.
- Periodic table period
- A horizontal row of the periodic table whose elements have the same number of electron shells.
- Ionization energy
- The energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom, generally increasing across a period.
- Electronegativity
- A measure of an atom's tendency to attract shared electrons in a chemical bond.
- Atomic radius trend
- Atomic radius generally decreases across a period and increases down a group.
- Ionic bond
- A bond formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms, creating oppositely charged ions that attract each other.
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