Research methodology and academic paper structure vocabulary used in the AP Research course and its Academic Paper. Front: the term. Back: a plain-language definition.
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- research question
- a specific question that a study aims to answer through investigation
- hypothesis
- a testable prediction about the relationship between variables
- qualitative research
- research that focuses on describing and understanding phenomena through words and observations rather than numbers
- quantitative research
- research that collects and analyzes numerical data to identify patterns and test relationships
- mixed methods research
- research that combines both qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis
- independent variable
- the variable that is manipulated or changed by the researcher
- dependent variable
- the variable that is measured to observe the effect of the independent variable
- control variable
- a variable that is kept constant to ensure it does not affect the results
- population
- the entire group of individuals or items that a study is interested in
- sample
- a smaller group selected from the population to participate in a study
- random sampling
- a method where every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
- stratified sampling
- a method where the population is divided into groups and samples are taken from each group
- convenience sampling
- a method where participants are selected based on their availability and ease of access
- data collection
- the process of gathering information from a sample or population for a study
- survey
- a data collection method using a set of written or oral questions given to a sample