Diabetes medications, thyroid and adrenal hormone therapies, and their mechanisms and side effects tested on USMLE Step 1.
34 cards · basic cards · AI-written, checked twice. Edit anything.
- What is the primary mechanism of action of metformin?
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Activates AMPK, reducing hepatic gluconeogenesis and increasing insulin sensitivity- What is the most common side effect of metformin?
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GI upset (diarrhea, nausea, abdominal discomfort)- What serious adverse effect limits metformin use in renal impairment?
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Lactic acidosis- How do sulfonylureas lower blood glucose?
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They close ATP-sensitive K+ channels on pancreatic beta cells, triggering insulin release- What are the two main adverse effects of sulfonylureas?
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Hypoglycemia and weight gain- Name a second-generation sulfonylurea used to treat type 2 diabetes
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Glipizide (or glyburide, glimepiride)- What is the mechanism of action of thiazolidinediones (TZDs)?
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They activate PPAR-gamma, increasing peripheral insulin sensitivity- What adverse effect makes thiazolidinediones risky in patients with heart failure?
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Fluid retention and edema- Name a thiazolidinedione used in type 2 diabetes
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Pioglitazone- How do DPP-4 inhibitors lower blood glucose?
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They block breakdown of incretins like GLP-1, prolonging insulin release and reducing glucagon- Name a DPP-4 inhibitor used in type 2 diabetes
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Sitagliptin- What is the mechanism of action of GLP-1 receptor agonists?
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Increase glucose-dependent insulin secretion, decrease glucagon, and slow gastric emptying- Name a GLP-1 receptor agonist used in type 2 diabetes
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Semaglutide- What serious adverse effect is associated with GLP-1 receptor agonists?
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Pancreatitis- How do SGLT2 inhibitors lower blood glucose?
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They block glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule, causing glucosuria
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