Physical and biological anthropology: hominid evolution, primatology, and human biological variation.
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- What hominin is known as 'Lucy' and when did it live?
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Australopithecus afarensis, approximately 3.2 million years ago- Which australopithecine species is characterized by a sagittal crest and large molars?
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Paranthropus robustus- What is the primary anatomical evidence that Australopithecus afarensis was bipedal?
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Structure of the pelvis and femur, position of the foramen magnum- What stone tool technology is associated with Homo habilis?
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Oldowan tools - simple flaked stone implements- Homo erectus is known for which significant anatomical feature compared to earlier hominins?
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Significantly larger brain size, approximately 900-1100 cubic centimeters- What hand-held stone tool is characteristic of the Acheulean tool kit?
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Hand axe - a teardrop-shaped bifacial tool- What evidence indicates that Homo erectus may have used fire?
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Archaeological sites show burnt bones and charred wood in association with tools and fossils- Homo neanderthalensis is best known from fossil remains in which geographic region?
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Western Europe and parts of western Asia- What distinguishes Homo neanderthalensis from Homo sapiens in skull morphology?
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Neanderthals have more robust bones, prominent brow ridge, larger teeth, and no prominent chin- Approximately when did anatomically modern Homo sapiens first appear in the fossil record?
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Approximately 200,000 to 300,000 years ago- What does mitochondrial DNA evidence suggest about human population origins?
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All modern humans share a common maternal ancestor from Africa, approximately 150,000 to 200,000 years ago- What does the Y chromosome indicate about paternal lineages in human populations?
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All males share a common paternal ancestor from Africa, though the time is more recent than mitochondrial DNA- What is the primary advantage of bipedalism in hominin evolution?
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Freed hands for tool use and food carrying while allowing efficient movement across open grasslands- Which great ape shows the highest degree of social tolerance and frequency of affiliative behavior?
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Bonobo (Pan paniscus)- What is a key behavioral difference between chimpanzees and bonobos?
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Chimpanzees are more hierarchical and aggressive; bonobos are more egalitarian and use affiliative behavior to reduce tension
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