Nutrition needs across life stages including pregnancy, infancy, and older adulthood, distinct from the general macronutrient and childhood-focused decks.
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- How many extra calories does a pregnant woman need in the first trimester?
- No additional calories needed; the increase begins in the second trimester
- Additional daily calories needed during the second and third trimester of pregnancy
- Approximately 300-350 extra calories per day
- Recommended daily protein increase during pregnancy
- 10 grams more per day, or 1.1 grams per kilogram of body weight
- Why is folic acid especially critical in early pregnancy?
- Prevents neural tube defects like spina bifida and anencephaly, most important during the first 28 days after conception
- Iron needs for pregnant women compared to non-pregnant women
- Increases from 18 mg per day to 27 mg per day
- Calcium needs during pregnancy
- 1000 mg per day, the same as for non-pregnant women
- Recommended gestational weight gain for a woman with normal pre-pregnancy BMI
- 25 to 35 pounds (11.5 to 16 kg)
- Extra daily calories needed while breastfeeding
- Approximately 300-500 extra calories per day
- Daily fluid intake recommendation for breastfeeding mothers
- At least 13 cups (3.1 liters) of fluids per day
- Recommended duration of exclusive breastfeeding
- First 6 months of life
- When should complementary foods be introduced to an infant?
- Around 6 months of age, when developmental signs of readiness appear (sitting up, loss of tongue-thrust reflex)
- Why is iron-fortified infant cereal recommended as a first food?
- Infant iron stores from birth become depleted around 6 months; fortified cereal prevents iron deficiency anemia
- Vitamin D supplementation recommended for breastfed infants
- 400 IU per day, starting at birth
- Why honey should not be given to infants under 12 months
- Risk of botulism; bacterial spores can multiply in an infant's intestines and produce toxin
- Age at which cow's milk can be safely introduced as a primary drink
- 12 months, not before 1 year, due to incomplete nutrients and digestive immaturity
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