Drive theories, need hierarchies, and emotion theories from a college motivation and emotion course.
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- What is drive reduction theory?
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Organisms are motivated to reduce physiological drives and maintain homeostasis.- What is a primary drive?
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An innate, biologically-based motivation such as hunger, thirst, or pain avoidance.- What is a secondary drive?
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A learned motivation acquired through association with primary drives, such as desire for money or status.- In Clark Hull's drive theory, what formula describes motivated behavior?
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Behavior = Drive level multiplied by Habit strength.- What is intrinsic motivation?
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Motivation driven by internal satisfaction, enjoyment, and interest in the activity itself.- What is extrinsic motivation?
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Motivation driven by external rewards such as money, grades, or praise, or by avoidance of punishment.- What does arousal theory predict about the relationship between arousal and performance?
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Performance is optimal at a moderate level of arousal; very low or very high arousal impairs performance.- What is need for achievement?
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The desire to succeed, excel, accomplish difficult tasks, and receive recognition for achievement.- What are the five levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs from lowest to highest?
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Physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.- What do physiological needs include in Maslow's hierarchy?
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Basic biological needs required for survival such as food, water, sleep, and oxygen.- What are safety needs in Maslow's hierarchy?
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The need for security, stability, protection, and freedom from danger or threat.- What are love and belonging needs in Maslow's hierarchy?
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The need to feel connected to others, to belong to groups, and to experience friendship and intimacy.- What are esteem needs in Maslow's hierarchy?
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The need for self-respect, recognition from others, status, prestige, and achievement.- What is self-actualization in Maslow's theory?
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The drive to fulfill one's potential and become the best version of oneself through personal growth.- What major criticism applies to Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
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The hierarchy is not universal across cultures; individuals and cultures prioritize needs differently and do not progress through levels in a fixed order.
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