Core classical Chinese (wenyan) particles, sentence patterns, and short passage vocabulary for advanced learners. Front: the classical Chinese word or phrase (pinyin romanization in parentheses). Back: English meaning.
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- 乎 (hū)
- interrogative or emphatic particle
- 哉 (zāi)
- exclamatory particle of emphasis or emotion
- 之 (zhī)
- connecting, possessive, or objective particle
- 而 (ér)
- conjunctive particle (and, but, then)
- 也 (yě)
- affirmative or declarative particle
- 矣 (yǐ)
- perfective aspect particle indicating completed action
- 耳 (ěr)
- restrictive particle meaning only or merely
- 焉 (yān)
- interrogative or locative particle (where, how, what)
- 于 (yú)
- preposition (to, in, at, by)
- 所 (suǒ)
- nominalizes relative pronoun (that which, what)
- 其 (qī)
- possessive or demonstrative pronoun (his, her, its, that)
- 是 (shì)
- demonstrative or copulative (this, that, is)
- 以 (yǐ)
- preposition or conjunction (by, with, so, therefore)
- 因 (yīn)
- preposition or conjunction meaning because or due to
- 故 (gù)
- conjunctive adverb meaning therefore or consequently