Core classical Chinese (wenyan) particles, sentence patterns, and short passage vocabulary for advanced learners. Front: the classical Chinese word or phrase (pinyin romanization in parentheses). Back: English meaning.
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- 乎 (hū)
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interrogative or emphatic particle- 哉 (zāi)
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exclamatory particle of emphasis or emotion- 之 (zhī)
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connecting, possessive, or objective particle- 而 (ér)
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conjunctive particle (and, but, then)- 也 (yě)
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affirmative or declarative particle- 矣 (yǐ)
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perfective aspect particle indicating completed action- 耳 (ěr)
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restrictive particle meaning only or merely- 焉 (yān)
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interrogative or locative particle (where, how, what)- 于 (yú)
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preposition (to, in, at, by)- 所 (suǒ)
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nominalizes relative pronoun (that which, what)- 其 (qī)
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possessive or demonstrative pronoun (his, her, its, that)- 是 (shì)
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demonstrative or copulative (this, that, is)- 以 (yǐ)
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preposition or conjunction (by, with, so, therefore)- 因 (yīn)
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preposition or conjunction meaning because or due to- 故 (gù)
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conjunctive adverb meaning therefore or consequently
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