Casta system, Bolivar, San Martin, Haiti, Brazilian independence, and caudillos.
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- What was the casta system in colonial Latin America?
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A hierarchical classification system that categorized people by racial and ethnic ancestry, determining legal status and rights.- What were the main racial categories in the casta system?
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Peninsular (Spanish-born), Creole (Spanish ancestry born in Americas), Mestizo (Spanish and indigenous), Mulato (Spanish and African), and others.- What is a mestizo?
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A person of mixed Spanish and indigenous ancestry.- What is a mulato?
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A person of mixed Spanish and African ancestry.- What was the purpose of casta paintings?
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To document and display the racial hierarchies and categories of colonial society, often commissioned by wealthy families.- What legal restrictions did the casta system impose?
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Non-peninsulares were excluded from high offices, the clergy, guilds, and higher education, and faced varying degrees of legal disability.- Where was Simón Bolívar born?
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Caracas, Venezuela, in 1783.- Why was Simón Bolívar called El Libertador?
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He liberated six territories from Spanish rule: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, and Upper Peru (renamed Bolivia in his honor).- What was the Battle of Boyacá?
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An 1819 victory by Bolívar's forces in New Granada (Colombia) that secured independence and made further campaigns possible.- What was Gran Colombia?
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A unified state created by Bolívar in 1819 comprising present-day Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador that dissolved after his death.- What was Bolívar's vision for Latin America?
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A unified Gran Colombia and later a continental confederation of independent republics, though both ultimately failed due to regional rivalries.- What was José de San Martín's military background?
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He was a Spanish military officer who fought in the Peninsular War against Napoleon before returning to Argentina to lead independence campaigns.- Which region was José de San Martín's main theater of operations?
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The southern cone of South America: Argentina, Chile, and Peru.- What was the Crossing of the Andes in 1817?
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San Martín's military maneuver where he crossed the Andes mountains with his army to invade Chile from Argentina and liberate it from Spanish rule.- What was San Martín's role in Chilean independence?
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He invaded Chile from Argentina in 1817 and defeated Spanish forces, establishing an independent Chile.
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