Korean negation patterns and the main ways to form questions, with example sentences for each. Front: the Korean word or phrase (romanization in parentheses). Back: English meaning.
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- 안 (an) + verb
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Simple present negation: 'not doing'; placed before the verb stem- -지 않다 (-ji anhda)
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Formal/written negation: 'does not do'; attached to verb stem, conjugated like regular verb- 못 (mos) + verb
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Negation expressing inability: 'cannot do, am unable to'- -지 못하다 (-ji moshada)
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Formal inability negation: 'cannot do, am unable to'; more emphatic than 못- -지 마 (-ji ma)
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Negative imperative: 'don't do'; commands someone not to do something- -지 마세요 (-ji maseyo)
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Polite negative imperative: 'please don't do'; polite way to ask someone not to do something- 없다 (eopda)
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Negation of existence or possession: 'does not exist, does not have'- 아니다 (anida)
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Negation of identity or fact: 'is not, that is not correct'- ~니 (~ni)
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Informal question particle: adds question meaning to a statement; common in casual speech- ~냐 (~nya)
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Blunt/direct question particle: 'are you...?'; masculine and less polite- ~습니까? (~seumnikka?)
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Polite question ending: formal way to ask a yes/no question in Standard Korean- ~어요? (~eoyo?)
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Polite casual question: turns a statement into a question with moderate politeness- 뭐 (mwo) / 무엇 (mueos)
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Question word meaning 'what'; 뭐 is spoken form, 무엇 is formal/written- 누구 (nugu)
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Question word meaning 'who'- 어디 (eodi)
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Question word meaning 'where'
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