FlashKeepers

Finance · General

Financial Ratio Analysis Basics

Liquidity, profitability, and leverage ratio formulas used to evaluate a company's financial health, explained in plain language.

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What does liquidity measure in financial analysis?
A company's ability to pay short-term obligations with its most liquid assets.
Current Ratio formula
Current Assets divided by Current Liabilities
What is a healthy Current Ratio?
Generally between 1.5 and 3.0, though it varies by industry.
Quick Ratio formula
(Current Assets minus Inventory) divided by Current Liabilities
Why exclude inventory from the Quick Ratio?
Because inventory is harder to convert to cash quickly than other current assets.
Cash Ratio formula
(Cash plus Cash Equivalents) divided by Current Liabilities
What is working capital?
Current Assets minus Current Liabilities; represents cash available for day-to-day operations.
What does profitability measure?
How much profit a company generates relative to its revenue, assets, or equity.
Gross Profit Margin formula
(Revenue minus Cost of Goods Sold) divided by Revenue, expressed as a percentage
What does Gross Profit Margin reveal?
How efficiently a company produces goods; how much of each revenue dollar remains after covering production costs.
Operating Profit Margin formula
Operating Income divided by Revenue, expressed as a percentage
What does Operating Profit Margin measure?
How much profit remains after paying operating expenses like wages, rent, and utilities, but before interest and taxes.
Net Profit Margin formula
Net Income divided by Revenue, expressed as a percentage
What does Net Profit Margin show?
The percentage of revenue that becomes profit after all expenses, interest, and taxes are paid.
Return on Assets (ROA) formula
Net Income divided by Total Assets, expressed as a percentage

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