How power is divided between federal and state government in the United States, and the structure of state government.
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- Define federalism as a system of government.
- A system where power is divided between a national government and state/regional governments.
- What are enumerated powers?
- Powers explicitly granted to Congress by the Constitution.
- What are implied powers?
- Powers not explicitly listed in the Constitution but derived from enumerated powers through the Necessary and Proper Clause.
- What are reserved powers?
- Powers retained by the states under the Tenth Amendment, not delegated to the federal government.
- What are concurrent powers?
- Powers held by both federal and state governments, such as taxation, borrowing money, and establishing courts.
- Define the Commerce Clause.
- Article I, Section 8 power of Congress to regulate interstate and international commerce, significantly limiting state economic regulation.
- What is the Necessary and Proper Clause?
- Constitutional provision allowing Congress to make laws needed to carry out its enumerated powers, expanding federal authority.
- State the Supremacy Clause.
- Constitutional provision that federal law is the supreme law of the land and supersedes state law when there is conflict.
- What does the Tenth Amendment establish?
- That powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved to the states or the people.
- Define dual federalism.
- A model where federal and state governments are separate and distinct, each sovereign in its own sphere.
- Define cooperative federalism.
- A model emphasizing shared responsibility and collaboration between federal and state governments in policy areas.
- What are categorical grants?
- Federal funds given to states for specific purposes with strict guidelines on how money may be spent.
- What are block grants?
- Federal funds given to states for broad purposes with few restrictions, allowing greater state flexibility.
- What is the primary role of a state governor?
- Chief executive of the state, responsible for implementing state laws, commanding the state militia, and proposing the budget.
- How are most state legislatures structured?
- As bicameral bodies with a Senate and House of Representatives, though a few states have unicameral legislatures.
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