Hemodialysis principles, dialyzer setup, and patient monitoring during treatment tested on dialysis technician certification exams.
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- What is the primary purpose of hemodialysis?
- To remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys can no longer do so.
- What is diffusion in dialysis?
- Movement of solutes across a semipermeable membrane from higher to lower concentration.
- What is ultrafiltration in dialysis?
- Removal of excess fluid from the blood using a pressure gradient across the dialyzer membrane.
- What is a dialyzer commonly called?
- An artificial kidney.
- What separates blood and dialysate inside a dialyzer?
- A semipermeable membrane.
- In a dialyzer, how does dialysate flow relative to the direction of blood flow?
- In the opposite direction (countercurrent flow).
- What is dialysate?
- A fluid solution used to draw waste products and excess fluid out of the blood during dialysis.
- Which vascular access type is preferred for long-term hemodialysis?
- The arteriovenous (AV) fistula.
- How is an AV fistula created?
- By surgically connecting an artery directly to a vein.
- What is a thrill in a vascular access?
- A vibration felt when palpating a functioning AV fistula or graft.
- What is a bruit?
- A whooshing sound heard with a stethoscope over a functioning AV fistula or graft.
- What should a technician do if a thrill or bruit is absent in a vascular access?
- Report it immediately, since it may indicate clotting.
- What is an AV graft?
- A synthetic tube surgically placed to connect an artery and a vein for dialysis access.
- When is a central venous catheter (CVC) typically used for dialysis access?
- When a fistula or graft is not yet ready, or in emergency situations.
- How many needles are typically used during hemodialysis with a fistula or graft?
- Two, an arterial needle and a venous needle.