Key Catalan sounds (l·l, ny, x, ç), accent marks, and stress patterns for accurate pronunciation. Front: the sound pattern or example word. Back: meaning plus a plain-English pronunciation note.
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- L·l (l geminada)
- The geminate l, written with a middle dot and pronounced as two distinct l sounds run together. Example word: intel·ligent (intelligent).
- Ny sound
- Pronounced like the Spanish ñ or the "ny" in English "canyon." Example word: Catalunya (Catalonia).
- Ç (c trencada)
- Pronounced like an English "s," used before a, o, or u. Example word: França (France).
- X sound
- Usually pronounced like the English "sh." Example word: caixa (box).
- Tx sound
- Pronounced like the English "ch" in "chair." Example word: cotxe (car).
- Ig at the end of a word
- Pronounced like "ch," a common word ending. Example word: maig (May).
- V and b
- Pronounced identically in most Catalan dialects, both as a "b" sound. Example word: viure (to live).
- Open e (è)
- A more open "e" sound, marked with a grave accent. Example word: cafè (coffee).
- Closed e (é)
- A closed "e" sound, marked with an acute accent. Example word: bé (well).
- Open o (ò)
- A more open "o" sound, marked with a grave accent. Example word: això (this).
- Closed o (ó)
- A closed "o" sound, marked with an acute accent. Example word: formació (training).
- Stress on the last syllable
- Words ending in a stressed vowel, n, or s are typically stressed on the final syllable unless an accent mark shows otherwise.
- Stress on the second-to-last syllable
- Most other words are stressed on the penultimate syllable.
- Rr sound
- A strongly trilled r, used at the start of a word or when doubled. Example word: carrer (street).
- Single r sound
- A lightly tapped r between vowels. Example word: cara (face).
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