Atlantic, Saharan, and Indian Ocean slave trades, Berlin Conference, and resistance to partition.
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- What was the triangular trade system in the Atlantic?
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A three-way trade route where European ships carried goods to Africa, enslaved people from Africa to the Americas, and raw materials from the Americas back to Europe.- When did the Atlantic slave trade reach its peak in terms of volume?
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The late 18th century, roughly 1780-1810, when over 80,000 enslaved people per year were transported.- What was the Middle Passage?
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The voyage across the Atlantic Ocean carrying enslaved Africans to the Americas, typically lasting six to eight weeks.- How did African kingdoms participate in the Atlantic slave trade?
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They captured and sold enslaved people from rival groups, profited from the trade, and acquired European firearms to strengthen their military power.- In what year did Britain abolish the slave trade?
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1807, though slavery itself was not abolished in British territories until 1833.- How did the Atlantic slave trade reshape African population patterns?
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It removed millions of working-age people, primarily men, disrupting reproduction rates, reducing population growth, and creating gender imbalances in some regions.- Which African region supplied the largest number of enslaved people to the Atlantic world?
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West Africa, particularly the Gold Coast, Slave Coast, and regions of the interior like the Congo Basin supplied the majority.- How did the Atlantic slave trade destabilize African political structures?
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Competition for slave trade wealth and access to firearms created arms races, encouraged warfare between kingdoms, and shifted power to coastal trading states.- What distinguished the trans-Saharan slave trade from the Atlantic slave trade?
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The trans-Saharan trade operated much longer (700s to 1900s), involved multiple religions, used camel caravans rather than ships, and had lower but more consistent volumes.- When did the trans-Saharan slave trade begin?
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Approximately the 7th to 8th century, with Arab and Berber traders establishing routes across the Sahara to West Africa.- Which empires were the primary controllers of trans-Saharan trade routes?
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The Ghana Empire, Mali Empire, Songhai Empire, and later the Moroccan dynasties controlled the gold and salt trade that facilitated slave commerce.- What were the primary commodities exchanged in the trans-Saharan slave trade?
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Salt, gold, horses, and cloth were traded northward; enslaved people were moved north to North Africa and the Islamic world.- How did Islamic law affect the status of enslaved people in the Saharan trade?
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Islamic law allowed slavery but granted enslaved people some legal protections, permitted eventual manumission, and allowed enslaved people to serve in military and administrative roles.- When did trans-Saharan slave trading significantly decline?
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In the early 20th century, as European colonization disrupted existing trade networks and slave trading became increasingly suppressed.- Which merchants dominated the Indian Ocean slave trade?
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Arab, Swahili, and Indian merchants controlled most trade, with Portuguese traders increasingly involved after the 16th century.
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