Key Welsh sounds (ll, ch, rh, dd), vowel length, and stress patterns for accurate pronunciation. Front: the sound pattern or example word. Back: meaning plus a plain-English pronunciation note.
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- Ll sound
- A voiceless lateral fricative, made by placing the tongue as for "l" and blowing air around it, with no exact English equivalent. Example word: llaeth (milk).
- Ch sound
- A voiceless velar fricative, like the "ch" in Scottish "loch." Example word: bach (small).
- Rh sound
- A voiceless "r," pronounced with a puff of breath before the trill. Example word: rhaid (must, need).
- Dd sound
- Pronounced like the "th" in English "the" (voiced). Example word: dda (good).
- Th sound
- Pronounced like the "th" in English "thin" (voiceless). Example word: nyth (nest).
- F sound
- Pronounced like an English "v." Example word: fy (my).
- Ff sound
- Pronounced like an English "f." Example word: ffenestr (window).
- W as a vowel
- Pronounced like the "oo" in English "moon." Example word: cwm (valley).
- Y (clear sound)
- In the final syllable of a word, pronounced like "i" in "pin." Example word: dyn (man).
- Y (obscure sound)
- In non-final syllables, pronounced like the "u" in English "cup." Example word: y (the).
- C is always hard
- Always pronounced like "k," never like "s." Example word: ci (dog).
- G is always hard
- Always pronounced like the "g" in "go," never soft. Example word: gardd (garden).
- U sound
- In South Wales pronounced similarly to the clear "y," like "i" in "pin." Example word: un (one).
- Ae diphthong
- Pronounced gliding from "a" to "e," roughly like the "y" in "my." Example word: mae (is, are).
- Au diphthong
- Pronounced gliding from "a" to "u," roughly like the "y" in "my." Example word: cau (to close).
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