Common grammar patterns tested on the TOPIK proficiency exam.
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- When do you use 은 vs 는 (subject/topic marker)?
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Use 은 after consonant-ending nouns, 는 after vowel-ending nouns (e.g., 학생은, 선생님은)- When do you use 을 vs 를 (object marker)?
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Use 을 after consonant-ending nouns, 를 after vowel-ending nouns (e.g., 책을, 나라를)- What is the primary use of 이/가 (nominative particle)?
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Marks the subject, especially for new information or identification (e.g., 고양이가 예뻐요)- Difference between 은/는 and 이/가
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은/는 marks an established topic, 이/가 introduces a new subject or emphasizes the subject- What does the possessive particle 의 do?
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Shows possession or association (e.g., 나의 친구 = my friend, 학생의 책 = student's book)- Main use of the locative particle 에
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Indicates location (in/on/at) or destination (e.g., 학교에 간다 = go to school)- When do you use 에서 instead of 에?
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Use 에서 for the location where an action takes place (e.g., 학교에서 공부한다 = study at school)- What does the dative particle 에게 indicate?
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Shows the recipient or person affected by an action (e.g., 친구에게 말했다 = told a friend)- What are uses of the instrumental particle 으로/로?
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Means/tool/material (차로 간다 = go by car), direction (앞으로 = forward), or change (의사로 되었다 = became a doctor)- What does the conjunctive particle 하고 do?
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Connects items in a list or shows accompaniment (e.g., 고기하고 야채 = meat and vegetables)- How do you form the past tense in Korean?
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Add -았 after ㅏ or ㅗ vowel stems, -었 after all others (e.g., 갔다 = went, 먹었다 = ate)- What determines -아 vs -어 in present tense?
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ㅏ or ㅗ vowel stems get -아, all others get -어 (e.g., 가요 = go, 먹어요 = eat)- What is the formal polite speech level?
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Use -습니다 for present (먹습니다 = eats) and -았/었습니다 for past (먹었습니다 = ate)- How do you express ongoing actions in Korean?
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Use verb stem + -고 있다 or -고 있어요 (e.g., 먹고 있다 = is eating)- How do you express obligation or necessity?
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Add -아/어야 to the verb stem (e.g., 가야 한다 = must go, 먹어야 한다 = must eat)
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