Arguments for and against the existence of God, the problem of evil, and the relationship between faith and reason.
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- What is the Cosmological Argument for God's existence?
- Everything that exists has a cause; the universe exists; therefore the universe has a cause, which is God.
- What is the problem with an infinite regress of causes?
- An infinite chain of causes cannot explain itself; a first cause must exist to stop the regress, which is God.
- What does Aquinas's 'First Way' argue?
- Whatever is in motion is put in motion by another; there must be a first mover unmoved by anything else, which is God.
- What is the Kalam Cosmological Argument?
- Whatever begins to exist has a cause; the universe began to exist; therefore the universe has a cause, which is God.
- What is the Teleological Argument (Design Argument)?
- The universe exhibits design and order; design requires a designer; therefore God exists as the designer.
- What is the Fine-Tuning Argument?
- Physical constants are finely tuned to permit life; this improbability suggests a designer rather than chance.
- How did David Hume criticize the Design Argument?
- The universe might result from natural processes, multiple weak designers, or eternal matter; design is not the only explanation.
- What is the Ontological Argument (Anselm's version)?
- God is the greatest conceivable being; existence is greater than non-existence; therefore God must exist.
- What is Kant's main objection to the Ontological Argument?
- Existence is not a predicate or property; it does not add anything to a concept, so the argument commits a logical error.
- What is the Moral Argument for God's existence?
- Objective moral values exist; objective values require a source; God is the best explanation for objective morality.
- What is the Problem of Evil?
- If God is omnipotent, God can prevent evil. If God is omnibenevolent, God would want to prevent evil. Yet evil exists. So an all-powerful, all-good God likely does not exist.
- What is the Logical Problem of Evil?
- The existence of evil is logically incompatible with an omnipotent and omnibenevolent God.
- What is the Evidential Problem of Evil?
- Even if not logically impossible, the amount and nature of evil in the world is strong evidence against God's existence.
- What is the Free Will Defense?
- God permits evil to preserve human free will; a world with free will and some evil is better than a world without free will.
- What is the Soul-Making Theodicy?
- Evil and suffering develop human moral and spiritual character; a world without challenge is worse than one requiring growth through adversity.