Key Mongolian sounds, vowel length, and vowel harmony for accurate pronunciation. Front: the sound pattern or example word in Cyrillic with a romanization. Back: meaning plus a plain-English pronunciation note.
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- ө (ö)
- A rounded mid vowel, like the u in French peu or German ö
- ү (ü)
- A rounded high front vowel, like German ü or French u
- х (kh)
- Voiceless velar or uvular fricative, like the ch in Scottish loch
- ж (j)
- Pronounced like the j in English jam
- з (z)
- Pronounced like the dz in English adze, slightly affricated
- ц (ts)
- Pronounced like ts in English cats
- ч (ch)
- Pronounced like ch in English chair
- ь (soft sign)
- Palatalizes the preceding consonant, softening it
- ъ (hard sign)
- Marks a syllable break, keeping the preceding consonant unpalatalized
- аа (aa)
- Long a vowel, held about twice as long as a single a
- өө (öö)
- Long ö vowel, held about twice as long as a single ö
- уу (uu)
- Long u vowel, held about twice as long as a single u
- Сайн байна уу (Sain baina uu)
- Hello. The final uu is a long vowel, not a diphthong
- Баярлалаа (Bayarlalaa)
- Thank you. Stress falls evenly, with the final aa held long
- Гэр (Ger)
- Ger, yurt. The initial г is pronounced softly, close to a g before a front vowel
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