Krashen's hypotheses, critical period, interlanguage, code-switching, and bilingual education models.
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- What does Krashen's Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis propose?
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Language can be acquired subconsciously through exposure or learned consciously through explicit instruction; these are separate, non-interacting processes.- In Krashen's Monitor Hypothesis, what is the monitor?
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Conscious grammar rules and knowledge used to edit and correct language output after it is produced.- Under what conditions is Krashen's Monitor most effective?
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When the speaker has sufficient time to focus on form, knows the relevant rule, and is not under communicative pressure.- What is the Natural Order Hypothesis?
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Language learners acquire grammatical structures in a predictable, natural order that is largely independent of the teaching sequence.- State Krashen's Input Hypothesis.
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Language acquisition occurs when learners receive comprehensible input, meaning input that is slightly above their current language level.- What does i+1 represent in language acquisition?
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The current language level (i) plus one degree of complexity; the optimal level for input to support acquisition.- Define Krashen's Affective Filter Hypothesis.
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Emotional factors such as anxiety, motivation, and self-confidence function as a filter that either blocks or allows comprehensible input to reach the acquisition device.- Name two factors that raise the affective filter.
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High anxiety, low motivation, low self-confidence, lack of social integration, or negative attitudes toward the target culture.- What is the Critical Period Hypothesis?
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A biologically determined window in early childhood during which language must be acquired for native-like competence; after this period closes, the ability to reach native competence declines.- What is the approximate age range of the critical period for language?
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Roughly from birth to age 12 to 14 years old, with the period often cited as ending around puberty.- Distinguish a sensitive period from a critical period.
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A critical period is a biologically absolute deadline after which acquisition is impossible; a sensitive period is an optimal window where learning is easier, but remains possible after it closes.- Name one finding that challenges the Critical Period Hypothesis.
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Adult learners can achieve native-like or near-native proficiency; language learning remains productive in adulthood; late starters can reach high competence given sufficient exposure and motivation.- What brain mechanisms might underlie maturational constraints on language learning?
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Synaptic pruning of neural connections, reduction in neural plasticity, lateralization of language to the left hemisphere, or changes in white matter connectivity.- What is interlanguage?
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A learner's intermediate language system, neither fully native nor fully the target language, with its own systematic grammar rules and patterns.- Name one key characteristic of interlanguage.
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It is systematic and rule-governed; shows influence from the L1; exhibits overgeneralization of target language rules; or contains features found in neither the L1 nor the L2.
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