Core Kazakh grammar patterns and verb conjugation and case structure. Front: the Kazakh pattern or example. Back: English explanation.
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- Мен + бар + -мын (Men бармын)
- I am (a): the personal ending -мын attaches to nouns/adjectives for 'I am'
- -лар / -лер (-lar / -ler)
- Plural suffix, chosen by vowel harmony (кітаптар = books)
- -ның / -нің, -дың / -дің, -тың / -тің (genitive)
- Genitive case suffix meaning 'of, belonging to' (Айдың кітабы = Aida's book)
- -ға / -ге, -қа / -ке (dative)
- Dative case suffix meaning 'to, towards' (үйге = to the house)
- -ды / -ді, -ты / -ті (accusative)
- Accusative case suffix marking a direct object (кітапты оқимын = I read the book)
- -да / -де, -та / -те (locative)
- Locative case suffix meaning 'at, in' (үйде = at home)
- -дан / -ден, -тан / -тен (ablative)
- Ablative case suffix meaning 'from' (үйден = from the house)
- -мен / -пен / -бен (instrumental)
- Instrumental suffix meaning 'with, by means of' (қаламмен = with a pen)
- -ады / -еді, -йды / -йді (future/habitual)
- Future or habitual tense suffix (барады = he/she goes, will go)
- -ды / -ді, -ты / -ті (past tense)
- Simple past tense suffix (бардым = I went)
- -ып жатыр / -іп жатыр (present continuous)
- Present continuous, 'is doing' (жазып жатыр = is writing)
- -ған / -ген, -қан / -кен (past participle)
- Past participle used for perfect/experience (барған = has gone)
- -у (infinitive)
- Infinitive marker attached to a verb root (жазу = to write)
- -ма / -ме, -ба / -бе, -па / -пе (negation)
- Verb negation suffix (келмейді = does not come)
- ма? / ме? / ба? / бе? (question particle)
- Yes/no question particle added at the end of a sentence (келдіңіз бе? = did you come?)
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