Core Cantonese sentence-final particles and verb aspect markers, which differ notably from Mandarin, with an example sentence per card. Front: the Cantonese word or phrase in traditional Chinese characters with Jyutping romanization in parentheses. Back: English meaning.
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- 嘅 (ge3)
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possessive or attributive particle; used to mark possession or qualities of a noun- 啦 (laa3)
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emphatic or urging particle; marks an obvious statement or expresses urgency- 呀 (aa3)
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exclamatory particle; marks excitement, surprise, or strong emotion- 喎 (wo3)
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emphatic affirmation particle; expresses strong emphasis or affirmation- 嘛 (maa3)
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rhetorical question particle; indicates something obvious or already known- 架 (gaa3)
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obvious assertion particle; asserts that something is an obvious fact- 罗 (lo1)
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obviousness particle; marks something as obviously true or evident- 吓 (haa5)
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exclamatory interjection; expresses surprise or emphasis- 啫 (ze1)
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restrictive particle meaning 'only' or 'just'; limits scope to one thing- 咋 (zaa3)
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interrogative particle; marks questions- 咗 (zo2)
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perfective aspect marker; indicates a completed or finished action- 紧 (gan2)
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progressive aspect marker; indicates an ongoing or current action- 住 (zyu6)
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durative aspect marker; indicates a continuous or sustained state- 起 (hei2)
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inceptive aspect marker; indicates the beginning or commencement of an action- 落 (lok6)
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inceptive or progressive aspect marker; indicates action beginning or continuing downward
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